Tag: hormone replacement therapy

Bladder cancer is a common urinary malignant tumor. In 2012, bladder cancer ranks as the ninth most common‐diagnosed cancer with estimated 430,000 new cases. For the past few years, the overall incidence and mortality of bladder cancer have shown a positive trend and become a serious threat for the global health. Risk factors for bladder cancer include smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections especially due to parasites and exposure to certain industrial chemicals. Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer; in most...