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Overlapping coughing-sneezing-sicking: are viral lung infections going to need multiple check-points?

Respiratory viruses suppressed during the COVID-19-induced pandemic have started re-circulating globally with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide, with the suspension of non-pharmaceutical interventions. The USA Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) estimated that flu-related hospitalizations and deaths surpassed those of the past year. Previous studies qualitatively compared the symptoms of SARS-CoV2 with other respiratory viruses but did not quantitatively assess the symptom profiles of infected individuals.

In the present study, researchers restricted SARS-CoV-2 cases to those submitted by participants who met the WHO definition for ARI and presented symptom profiles of 10986 individuals with confirmed coronavirus infection.  Likewise, they gathered data on 191 seasonal CoV, 222 influenza, 84 RSV, and 283 rhinovirus cases from Flu Watch Community and the Virus Watch cohort studies to compare the proportion of symptoms experienced during both illnesses. The Flu Watch study was conducted in entire households across England between 2006 and 2011, where the researchers analyzed the collected nasal swab samples for influenza infection, and to a lesser extent and at different times, for rhinovirus, RSV, and seasonal CoVs.

Another household community cohort study, Virus Watch, was conducted in England between 2020 and 2022 to analyze respiratory, constitutional, gastrointestinal, ocular, or skin symptoms self-reported by its participants through online surveys. The team ran multiple multivariate logistic regression models to describe the odds of experiencing different respiratory and constitutional symptoms by coronavirus variants of concern. However, primary exposure was by SARS-CoV2 wt strain or VOCs with Omicron BA5 as the reference variant. They controlled for all known confounders, such as gender, age, clinal vulnerability status, and natural- or vaccine-induced immunity.

With the advent of new SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, the SARS-CoV-2 symptomatology began to resemble other respiratory viruses. Thus, respiratory symptoms due to more contagious Omicron strains included increased coughing and sneezing. It could contribute to their increased transmissibility compared to previous variants, as coughing and sneezing are modes for expelling viral particles. With Omicron BA2/BA5 variants emerging, SARS-CoV2 illnesses meeting the WHO ARI case definition increased by +10% points. This growing resemblance between SARS-CoV2 symptoms with influenza, could make syndromic surveillance less effective, thus raising the need for multi-pathogen virological surveillance.

In addition, there will be a need for more accurate diagnostic tests to delineate influenza and SARS-CoV2 infections, especially among high-risk patients considered for antiviral therapy. Several previous studies have compared the symptoms of coronavirus variants, including Omicron subvariants. The current study findings, however, provide additional information about Omicron BA5 symptomatology. The authors noted that respiratory symptoms significantly increased with the spread of the Omicron VOCs. However, it remains unclear whether the observed change in symptomatology was due to the variant or changing immunity levels across the population.

The current study spans multiple years to facilitate the comparison of all SARS-CoV2 VOCs that emerged during the same seasons and compare their symptomology with other common respiratory viruses. Before the emergence of Omicron, widespread COVID-19 vaccination and natural infections induced immunity in the general population; perhaps, it affected the symptomatology of respiratory viral infections. It is important considering that the characteristics of respiratory virus infections vary significantly across seasons and regions due to their different variants, and that typically has varying effects on symptomatology.

For example, strains of influenza or any other respiratory virus currently circulating in the UK might have different characteristics than the ones predominant during 2006–2011. Even though no data suggested a significant change in influenza symptom profiles over these years in the UK, untangling the complex connections between symptomatology, immune mechanisms, and viral evolution could help elucidate the transmission advantages associated with more recent variants of all respiratory viruses.

  • Edited by Dr, Gianfrancesco Cormaci, PhD, specialist in Clinical Biochiemistry.

Scientific references

Geismar C. et al. Sci Reports 2023 Aug; 13(1):12511.

Byrne T et al. Int J Epidemiol. 2023 Jun 22:dyad087.

Nguyen V et al. JMIR Pub Health Surv. 2023; 9:e38072.

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Dott. Gianfrancesco Cormaci
Dott. Gianfrancesco Cormaci
Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia nel 1998; specialista in Biochimica Clinica dal 2002; dottorato in Neurobiologia nel 2006; Ex-ricercatore, ha trascorso 5 anni negli USA (2004-2008) alle dipendenze dell' NIH/NIDA e poi della Johns Hopkins University. Guardia medica presso la casa di Cura Sant'Agata a Catania. Medico penitenziario presso CC.SR. Cavadonna (SR) Si occupa di Medicina Preventiva personalizzata e intolleranze alimentari. Detentore di un brevetto per la fabbricazione di sfarinati gluten-free a partire da regolare farina di grano. Responsabile della sezione R&D della CoFood s.r.l. per la ricerca e sviluppo di nuovi prodotti alimentari, inclusi quelli a fini medici speciali.

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