Food additives like sweeteners, colorants, and preservatives are added to food for various purposes, such as augmenting or preserving product shelf life during manufacturing. Extensive research demonstrates that children often consume more ultra-processed foods (UPFs) than adults while simultaneously being more sensitive to the adverse effects of food additives, some of which include asthma, allergies, and a greater risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Allergies of the skin, mucous membrane, and intestines in children have been directly attributed to the consumption of sodium benzoate, sunset yellow, erythrosine, tartrazine, and other additives.
Asthma attacks have also been reported following exposure to methylparaben and propylparaben. In fact, women who consume more artificially sweetened noncarbonated drinks are more likely to have children diagnosed with childhood asthma. A recent study published in Frontiers in Immunology utilized metabolomics to investigate the mechanisms underlying the association between food additives and childhood asthma. The study quantified correlations between childhood asthma and food additives using logistic regression analyses and chi-square tests. The researchers also performed a non-targeted metabolic profile of serum samples collected from children 15 years of age and younger.
Asthma-related metabolites were identified, and models were devised to elucidate how the differentiation of CD4+ T-cells and dendritic cells is affected by food additives. Serum concentrations of ten food additives were measured using chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectroscopy (MS). These ten additives were neotame, aspartame, acesulfame, sodium saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid, Ponceau 4R and Sunset Yellow. Asthma-associated metabolites were identified and examined for mediation effects and pathway enrichment. Other metabolites corresponding to airway inflammation, immune cell differentiation, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-17A, and CD4+ T-cell metabolomics profiles were also measured.
Dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid and cyclamate were detected at the highest rates of 99.58%, 99.17% and 69.17%, respectively. Aspartame and neotame were not detected, with low detection rates observed for sodium saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame, Ponceau 4R and Sunset yellow. In the asthmatic group, the mean concentrations of dehydroacetic and benzoic acids were significantly higher than those of the control group. Data revealed significant associations between childhood asthma and exposure to dehydroacetic acid, benzoic acid, and acesulfame. Scientists identified seventy-three statistically significant asthma-associated metabolites.
Several of these metabolites mediated the association between childhood asthma and exposure to benzoic acid and dehydroacetic acid, including phosphatidyl-choline (PhC), glycerophosphocholine, glutamine, histidine, spermine, Lyso-PhC(17:0) and acetylcholine. The proportion of eosinophil granulocytes and IL-17A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly higher in the food-additive treated groups, as were IgE levels in the BALF and serum, as well as serum IL-4 levels. Mice consuming food additives also exhibited higher proportions of allergic DCs, Th2 cells and Th17 cells.
Taken together, the in vivo results indicate that food additives may disrupt immune cell differentiation pathways and potentially induce abnormal differentiation of helper T cells, which could facilitate the development of asthma. When CD4+ T-cells were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and metabolomics analysis was performed, differential metabolites were identified. For example, the acesulfame-treated group showed lower levels of ceramide and higher levels of fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids and amines as compared to the oral tolerance and control groups.
The sodium saccharin-treated group exhibited lower levels of L-tyrosine and greater levels of amines, glycerophospholipids, nucleotides and specific lipid metabolites. Significant alterations were also reported in phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways among mice consuming food additives. The authors also proposed that these immune and metabolic changes may be influenced by interactions along the gut-lung axis, in which food additives alter intestinal permeability and the microbiota, allowing inflammatory metabolites and immune cells to affect lung immune balance.
These findings suggest that metabolic and immune disturbances caused by certain preservatives and sweeteners could contribute to airway inflammation through disrupted immune tolerance and gut-lung interactions. The current study explored correlations between childhood asthma and exposure to food additives; however, it did not provide causal explanations for these correlations. The authors emphasize that future research should include broader populations, additional types of additives, and direct mechanistic validation of metabolic effects on immune pathways.
- Edited by Dr. Gianfrancesco Cormaci, PhD, specialist in Clinical Biochemistry.
Scientific references
Chen M et al. Front Immunol 2025 Sep; 16:1671022.
Chen W, Cao Y et al. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:862866.
Lemoine A et al. Archives Pediatr. 2020; 27:368–371.
Quirós-AL et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 143:948.
